Comparative Analysis of ALS, TLS and UAV Technologies for 3D Building Modeling and Digital Twin Generation


Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive comparison of airborne laser scanning (ALS), terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technologies for acquiring 3D data on building geometries, emphasizing their applications in geographic information systems (GIS) and 3D modeling. Using the Faculty of Science building at Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice as a test site, the performance of these methods was evaluated based on key parameters, including point cloud density, data acquisition time, and model quality.
ALS is a valuable tool for topographic mapping, offering efficient data acquisition over large areas, but it faces significant limitations in capturing detailed vertical features. TLS proved to be the most accurate method, delivering high-density point clouds for complex architectural details, though at the expense of extended acquisition times and limited applicability for large-scale areas. UAVs provided a versatile and efficient alternative, particularly excelling in capturing roof details, but encountered challenges in resolving vertical structures and complying with regulatory constraints.
The findings highlight the complementary nature of these technologies. Integrating the precision of TLS with the aerial flexibility of UAVs can overcome individual limitations, significantly enhancing 3D modeling capabilities. This synergy offers substantial potential for applications in urban planning, architectural documentation and supporting digital transformation initiatives within the framework of digital twin concepts.
Keywords:
Airborne Laser Scanners, Terrestrial Laser Scanners, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Geographic Information Systems, Point CloudDownloads
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